Juvenile Delinquency Is The Highest Rate Of Incarceration...

Introduction The United States has the highest rate of incarceration in the world, this country is known to have the greatest number of people go to jail yearly than any other state shown in records. Chicago, Illinois is known to be the city that never sleeps, the city that encompasses the highest rates of homicides, drug smuggling and highest incarceration rates among African American males. Delinquency is a social term in society often used to describe individuals who have been involved in criminal activity. This term refers to criminal behavior, which is variously defined by different legal systems. Juvenile Delinquency is prominent in inner city communities- vastly lower income poverty shook areas. Background Juvenile Delinquents are being incarcerated at earlier ages as time progresses. The term delinquent speaks of two or more youths, typically amongst the ages of ten and seventeen years old, who are involved in doings well-defined as illegal. The study of juvenile delinquents in inner city Chicago have been studied for many years and the rates continue to sky rocket as juveniles are being locked down by the justice system. Cases of violence amongst juveniles has been increasing rapidly in the past 20 years, juveniles are now linked to severer crimes, and it can be speculated that regardless of efforts of rehabilitation that the recidivism of juveniles relapsing is very great. Thus leading to physiological and mental problems that can be damaging to the youth asShow MoreRelatedThe High Incarceration Rate Of Juveniles1748 Words   |  7 PagesThe high incarceration rate of juveniles is a significant social problem that affects society as a whole as well as the youth’s individual welfare and developmental trajectory. Adolescents who are incarcerated in the juvenile justice system face a multitude of negative lifelong implications. The history of incarcerating youth in residential facilities such as juvenile halls, camps, ranches or group homes as a consequence for committing crimes has a deep-rooted history in the United States. â€Å"For moreRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System Is A Topic Where Everyone Disagrees With Everyone Else? Essay2092 Words   |  9 PagesEssay The criminal justice system is a topic where everyone disagrees with everyone else. There are people who are for harsher sentencing and there are others who are for lighter punishments, and the fact that it reproduces inequality affects every American both economically and socially. It can be argued that all judges and juries are biased in some ways or not at all and this has to do with the races, skin color, gender, and sometimes the ages of the criminals who are put on trial. Race and JusticeRead MoreThe Reentry Policy Brief Provides3089 Words   |  13 Pagesof incarcerated juveniles and avoid increasing the already wide racial disparities of the incarcerated population of juveniles. Most reentry facilities in Florida are run by reentry programs that were expanded from Transition from Prison to Community (TPC) and Transition from Jail to Community (TJC) models. Yet these programs appear to not have fully addressed recidivism among juveniles and are also not tailored to lower the widening racial disparities among the incarcerated juvenile population. BetterRead MoreThe African-American Male and the Criminal Justice System2725 Words   |  11 PagesAfrican American Male and Crime Justice System [Authors Name] [Institutions Name] African American Male and Crime Justice System Introduction The past quarter century has seen an enormous growth in the American incarceration rate. 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Although juvenile arrests for violent crimes declined 3% from 1994-1995 (the first decrease in almost ten years), the number of juvenile violent crime arrests in 1995 was 67% above theRead MoreRace And Crime Of The Criminal Justice System6937 Words   |  28 Pagesindividually affected by the American justice system. I will discuss background information of each race as well as problems and issues they are currently facing today regarding the criminal justice system. In researching this issue, a there are a few key questions I intend on obtaining the best answer possible for such as; Why do certain races commit specific crimes? Has there been much change in the criminal justice system regarding the fairness of sentencing among the different races. What

Music Emotion, Language And Rhythm - 1098 Words

Music: Emotion, Language and Rhythm/Beat Did you know that your favorite song is probably your favorite, because you associate it with an emotional event in your life? Music is a very strong and influential part of our lives, not only because it allows us to connect with certain situations but, it also allows us to cope with certain situations as well. Often it shows the emotional state in which we are in and we use it in everyday life all the time whether it be at work to concentrate, home when trying to fall asleep in. By definition, the term music is, â€Å"A vocal or instrumental sounds (or both) combined in such a way as to produce beauty of form, harmony and expression of emotion.†(Definition.com). However, the definition of music is much more than that, music is emotion, language and rhythm/beat. To understand the foundations of music and its definition its important that you know its origin.The first signs of the emergence of music dates back to the early pre-historic era around 200,000 years ago when â€Å"Homo Sapiens† started to first appear in Africa. The most earliest forms of music were made from simple objects such as rocks and sticks that resembled modern drums and percussion instrument sounds. Usually the music was not for entertainment but more for religious purposes and customs among the aboriginal people of the time such as native Americans or African natives. Even now after over thousands and thousands of years of evolving and growing into the species thatShow MoreRelatedMusic Is The Combination Of Organized Audio Frequencies Through Intricate Patterns Floating Through The Air And Clashing808 Words   |  4 Pages Music is the combination of organized audio frequencies in intricate patterns floating through the air and clashing in one’s ear. 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Musical rhythms tend to have natural accents, emphasesRead MoreMusic Therapy Is Effective Or Not?925 Words   |  4 PagesIn todayà ¢â‚¬â„¢s day and age, people cannot go anywhere or do anything without listening to music. From elevator music, to exercise in the gym, to background music in restaurants, to the radio in the car, we cannot escape music. It is such an overlooked yet essential part of our daily lives, but what is unknown by many is that music is also used very deliberately in the lives of others. Many hospitals use music therapy to help treat their stroke patients, premature infants, those diagnosed with AlzheimerRead MoreDifferent Meanings And Values Of Poetry1385 Words   |  6 PagesThe combination of poetic words express various ideas in diverse cultures. According to Webster dictionary, poetry is  ´ writing that formulates a concentrated imaginative awareness of experience in language chosen and arranged to create a specific emotional response through meaning, sound, and rhythm ´ (Webster, 2017). The Cambridge Dictionary illustrates the poetry as  ´a piece of writing in which the words are carefully chosen for the images and ideas they suggest, and in which the sounds of the

Study Objective free essay sample

How would getting this scholarship help you when you return with community development or benefiting Indonesian society? What are your future plans after receiving this degree? Be specific with your career goals. Explain how your degree and knowledge in the field will benefit the community or society at large. Mention any social/community activities that you might be involved in upon your return Do not show self-interest and self- achievement in career DOS Give yourself plenty of time to write and edit. Read the question carefully. Write the length of essay they ask for.As much research on the university as you can. Accentuate your positive qualities. Mention your positive achievements as they apply to your graduate admission. Dos Mention your work experience, or volunteer work that you may have done or extra-curricular activities if they relate to your field. Be definite in your application. Make sure your essay is well-organized and everything is linked with continuity and focus. We will write a custom essay sample on Study Objective or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Check your grammar, spelling, punctuation, and capitalization carefully. Ask as many others as possible to proofread your work for writing style?grammar, spelling, etc.Do multiple drafts and edits Dont Flatter the university. Be phony or dishonest about yourself. Use empty, vague, overly-used words like meaningful, beautiful, challenging rewarding etc. Use overly common phrases and nonspecific information. Repeat information from the application unless you use it to illustrate a point. Try to be funny?humor can backfire. Dont use statements like Ive always wanted to be a or other overly common phrases. Make excuses, but you can talk about the mistakes youve made as a learning experience. Use slang, technical jargon, or long quotations.

Laptop vs desktop free essay sample

A computer is an electronic device to perform a set of arithmetic or logical operations with a given set of instructions. Computers play a crucial role in our daily life. Now-a-days, as the technology increases day by day, computers are classified into two types, namely, desktop computer and laptop computer. The similarities and differences of a desktop computer and a laptop computer are to be discussed. Firstly, cost. Desktop computers are cost efficient. There is wide range of desktop computers, but the least configured computer is relatively cheap. For example, desktop with RAM 4 GB, Hard disk 500 GB start as low as $300. There is a large range of laptop computers, but the best configured laptop can be relatively higher. For example, a powerful laptop with higher speed, RAM, Hard disk start around $600 or more, depending on the brand. Secondly, size. Desktop computers are large in size which consists of a monitor, a keyboard, a mouse and a CPU. We will write a custom essay sample on Laptop vs desktop or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These are united together to use. A desktop isn’t movable easily. They are designed to use in a single location. For example, we can’t carry a desktop to the restaurant and theater. Components of a laptop are connected into a single device. They are around 11† to 18† in size and can be carried easily in a backpack. Laptops are portable due to its size. For example, we can carry a laptop to the restaurant, the theater and in the car while we travel. Thirdly, the space required to access. Desktop requires more space to set up. For accessing the desktop, we need to stick to a particular place for access. For example, a desktop cannot be used on the bed with respect to our seating position. We need to sit in a chair to access. Laptop can be used from anywhere in any manner. For example, laptop can be used on the bed, in the restaurant, in the car. Fourthly, ease in upgrading the device. Most components in a desktop are easily removable which makes easier to upgrade. The case of desktop is relatively big which makes our work easy while upgrading. RAM/Hard drive is only the component that can be upgraded in a laptop. All the other components are built-in. Fifthly, repair and spare parts. Desktop computers can be repaired easily as all the spare parts are available in most of the computer retail stores. For example, if there is a malfunction is keyboard keys we can easily replace with another by visiting a computer retail store. Finding a replacement part for laptop is difficult, as it can be ordered only in manufacturer’s online website. For example, to purchase a new battery we should visit the manufacturer’s online site and order. Both the electronic devices have advantages but if portability is a very big need of yours, best option is laptop. There are some limitations when compared to desktop computers but it is significant for most of the users. Desktop are for intensive online gaming, who just needs email access and for AUTOCAD applications.

Conjugate the French Verb Accueillir (to Welcome)

Conjugate the French Verb Accueillir (to Welcome) As you are learning to speak French, you will find that you need to learn how to conjugate many verbs. The verb  accueillir  means to welcome. This is one of the irregular verbs that is a little more difficult to remember, but with practice, you should have no problems.   Conjugating the French Verb  Accueillir Why do we have to conjugate verbs in French? Put simply, to conjugate simply means to match the verb form to the subject you are speaking about. We do so in English as well, though not to such extremes as languages such as French. For instance, we use a different form of  accueillir  when speaking about ourselves. I welcome becomes jaccueille in French. Likewise, we welcome becomes nous accueillons. Its actually quite simple. However, the problem with irregular verbs like  accueillir  is that there is no defined pattern. This is a rare exception to the French grammar rules for verbs ending in -ir. This means that you need to memorize each conjugation rather than rely on patterns and rules. Dont worry, though. With a little study, you  will  find that there is some pattern to this verb and will be using it to form proper sentences before you know it. This chart shows all of the forms of  accueillir  in present, future, imperfect, and present participle tense. Subject Present Future Imperfect j accueille accueillerai accueillais tu accueilles accueilleras accueillais il accueille accueillera accueillait nous accueillons accueillerons accueillions vous accueillez accueillerez accueilliez ils accueillent accueilleront accueillaient The Present Participle of  Accuellir The  present participle  of  accueillir  is  accueillant. It can be used as a verb or as an adjective, gerund, or noun, depending on the circumstance. Accueillir  in Past Tense You may have noticed that the imperfect is the only past tense of  accueillir  in the chart. In many cases, we can simply use the  passà © composà ©Ã‚  to express a phrase such as I welcomed. There are two elements that need to be added in order to do so. One is the  auxiliary verb, which is always either  Ãƒ ªtre  or  avoir.  For  accueillir, we use  avoir.  The second element is the  past participle  of the verb, which in this case is  accueilli.  This is used no matter the subject. Putting all of this together, to say I welcomed in French, it would be jai accueilli. To say we welcomed, you would say nous avons accueilli. In these cases, ai and avons are conjugates of the verb  avoir. More Conjugations for  Accueillir There are more conjugations for  accueillir  that you may use in some instances, though your focus should be on those above. The subjunctive verb mood is used when something is uncertain. The conditional verb mood is used when the action is dependent on certain conditions. Both the passà © simple and imperfect subjunctive are used in formal writing. While you may never use these especially the last two in the chart it is good to be aware of their existence and when they might be used. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive j accueille accueillerais accueillis accueillisse tu accueilles accueillerais accueillis accueillisses il accueille accueillerait accueillit accueillt nous accueillions accueillerions accueillmes accueillissions vous accueilliez accueilleriez accueilltes accueillissiez ils accueillent accueilleraient accueillirent accueillissent The final form of the verb  accueillir  is the imperative form, which also expresses mood. In this form, you will not use the subject pronoun. Instead, it is implied within the verb itself and you will notice that they have the same endings as the present tense and subjunctive forms. Rather than say tu accueille, you will simply use the word  accueille. Imperative (tu) accueille (nous) accueillons (vous) accueillez Similar Irregular Verbs Just because it is an irregular verb does not mean that  accueillir  is not similar to other verbs. While you are studying to welcome include  cueillir  in your lessons. This verb means to gather or to pick and uses similar endings to those you see above.

Internal Equity Essays

External /Internal Equity Essays External /Internal Equity Paper External /Internal Equity Paper The main purpose of this project is to point out the relationship between external equity in discussing pay versus benefits, and also to investigate the best compensation package (with special focus on external market competitiveness and internal equity) that will be of benefit to recruit and retain productive and motivated staff members. Key words: external equity, compensation, internal equity, motivation CHAPTER ONE 1. 0 LITERATURE REVIEW 1. 1 Equity Theory Basically, employees make comparison of their job inputs (Effort, experience, education, competence) and outcomes (Salary levels, raises, recognition) relative to those of others. Individuals tend to make comparison of their outcome-input ratio with the outcome –input ratio of relevant others. A state of equity exist when individuals perceive that their ratio is equal to relevant others, while inequity exist when the ratio are not the same. This led to the theory of social equity been proposed by J. Stacy Adams (1963) based upon Festinger’s (1957) theory of cognitive dissonance, that has received considerable attention in the organizational behavior literature (Vecchio 1981). According to Adams (1963), an employee brings to a job certain inputs (such as education, experience, training, and skill), and receives certain outcomes (such as intrinsic and extrinsic rewards). Inequity occurs when an individual perceives that the ratio of his or her outcomes to inputs is not equal to the ratio of some referent other, such as a work peer (Adams 1965). Individuals can feel inequity exists when they are undercompensated or overcompensated relative to their referent other (Walster, Berscheid, and Walster 1973). When inequity is perceived, individuals may experience distressanger or resentment in the case of under compensation and guilt in the case of over compensation (Austin and Walster 1974). Evidence suggests that individuals may base perceptions of equity on a number of comparison others (Ronen, 1986; Hills, 1980; Middlemist Peterson, 1976). ased on common choices of comparison others, there are at least three distinct types of equity: external equity, internal equity, and employee equity. For the purpose of this project external and internal equity will be addressed. 1. 2 EXTERNAL EQUITY External equity exists when an organizations pay rates are at least equal to the average rates in the organization’s market or sector. Employers want to ensure that they are able to pay what is necessary to find, keep and motivate an ade quate number of qualified employees. Creating a compensation structure that starts with competitive base pay is critical. Limited evidence suggests that managers at higher organizational levels may use external comparison others more than managers at lower organizational levels (Ronen, 1986; Heneman, Schwab, Standal, Peterson, 1980). This may occur because greater participation in professional networks at higher levels may make inputs and outputs of external others more salient. One way organizations achieve external equity is through the use of labor market pay surveys (Davis, 1997). . 3 INTERNAL EQUITY Internal equity exists when employees in an organization perceive that they are being rewarded fairly according to the relative value of their jobs within an organization. Another way of stating this is to say that a person’s perception of their responsibilities, rewards and work conditions is seen as fair or equitable when compared with those of other employees in similar positions in the same organization. Fac tors such as skill level, the effort and the responsibility of the role, as well as working conditions are considered. Although employees use internal as well as external comparison others (Andrews Henry, 1963; Finn Lee, 1972), their relative importance is unclear. Finn and Lee (1972) found that employees using internal comparison others were more satisfied with pay than those using external others. However, Hill (1980) found that people tended to use either internal and external referents or neither. One way organizations achieve internal equity is through the use of job evaluation plans. CHAPTER TWO 2. 0 COMPENSATION According to Tanushree Sanwal (2009), compensation is the remuneration received by an employee in return for his/her contribution to the organization. It is an integral part of human resource management which helps in motivating the employees and improving organizational effectiveness. Adequate compensation also serves the need for attracting and retaining the best employees. It is an organized practice that involves balancing the work-employee relation by providing monetary and non-monetary benefits to employees. Compensation does not include only salary but it is the sum total of all rewards and allowances provided to the employees in return for their services. compensation management philosophy believes in satisfying the various needs of an individual, such as social needs, psychological needs, safety needs, self-actualization needs etc. In absence of compensation it may not be possible to attract suitable people to work for the organization. Compensation helps in running an organization effectively and accomplishing its goals. Modern day organizations need to design the compensation systems aligning with the business goals and strategies. Three strategic objectives of compensation of particular importance are: (1) attracting and retaining the talent required for a sustainable competitive advantage, (2) focusing the energy of employees on implementing the organization’s particular competitive strategy, and (3) improving productivity 2. 1 THE ROLE OF HR According to schuler and Jackson (2006) human resources is responsible for setting the compensation system in the whole organization, monitor it and do a proper follow up, when the compensation system does not work properly. HR introduced several procedures to measure the fairness in compensation in the organization. HR introduced job design and job evaluation to compare different jobs across the organization. There are two ways of determining the levels of pay according to Thorpe and Holman (2000). The first is to focus on the labor market and to pay everyone at around the market rate. In this case, there is a comparison with employees in other organizations and it is called external equity (Hume, 1995). The second as its first priority the organizational goals and supports a reward system according to the organizational objectives and considering the job evaluation. In this case, there is a comparison of employees in the same organization and it is called internal equity (Hume, 1995). It is supported that the most dissatisfied employees are those who face internal inequity, namely when senior managers are generously paid and the other employees feel the unfairness (Hume, 1995). 2. 2 EXTERNAL EQUITY IN COMPENSATION. The organization competes with other employers to attract, hire and retain the best employees. It has to offer a competitive salary package to make employees feel satisfied and prevents them from looking for job elsewhere. The external equity is about keeping the personnel expenses budget under control and securing the position of the organization in the pay market. Most organization do not choose to pay more than the competitors, but they want to pay in-line with competitors and they choose the median for most job positions. Most of the times, the market rate is considered to be most efficient approach. In most competitive markets, there is no other choice but to pay the market rate in order to attract qualified staff and to ensure satisfaction. Furthermore, according to Thorpe Homan (2000), small organizations with growth potential can attract new employees by promising a greater share of rewards and better career as the company will expand successfully in the future. However, supply and demand differ substantially among market resulting in significant variation in wages across labor markets. Schuler and Jackson (2006) pointed out factors that could contribute to wage differences among markets. They are geographical location, union status, industry sector, organization size, company prestige, product competition, education and experience level of available work force, licensing or certification requirements called for by the job. A combination of the factors determines the labor market for a particular job. 2. 3 INTERNAL EQUITY IN COMPENSATION. Internal equity in compensation is more important than external equity for many organizations. The unfairness in the compensation inside the organization is more visible. It is supported that the most dissatisfied employees are those who face internal inequity, namely when senior managers are â€Å"generously paid and the other employees feel the unfairness (Hume, 1995). Internal equity is about proper job design and job evaluation and setting the same compensation principle for the comparable job across the organization. The performance related compensation components are the usual source of the differences in the pay for the comparable job positions as human resources has to co-operate with line managers for a better understanding of the business and also set a better bonus pay. Schuler and Jackson (2006) pointed out job related factors that could be used to set compensation levels. They are education required, experience required, physical demands, responsibility for equipment/materials, responsibility for safety of others, supervisory/managerial responsibility, working conditions, accident or health hazards, public contact, manual dexterity. CHAPTER THREE 3. 0 PAY EQUITY: Internal and External Considerations. 3. 1 COMPANY VIEW Basically, companies emphasize external equity in setting a compensation structure. For example, a 1975 Bureau of National Affairs study shows that over 80% of both small and large firm ranked external effectiveness as their most compensation objective. This emphasis on external equity demands the availability of high quality of labor market data. Because labor market tend to be highly variable, difficult to track, difficult to describe, companies are forced to participate in elaborate, costly wage surveys to get the data they need. However, companies are beginning to recognize limitations associated with focusing on external equity as the primary basis for setting compensation objectives. A 1985 study by the conference board showed that employers are starting to consider internal factors as more important that the external factors in setting wage level. These companies recognize that over emphasizing external equity may detract from important internal equity considerations. 3. 2 EMPLOYEES VIEW Individual view equity differently from the way organization views it. While organizations make comparison with other organization, individuals compare their pay with others within the same establishment. For this reason perception of internal equity can influence an organization compensation objective, much more than external issues. A study conducted in 1972 by Allan N. Nash adds insight to this issue. The result showed that 80% of employees indicated that they will be angered if they found themselves paid less than others in same establishment In addition to pay, there are many things that influence employee perception of equity. Study shows that workers often rank job security, working conditions, advancement opportunity, management appreciation, relationship with co-workers, and flexibility of working hours or job assignment ahead of pay. In summary, it appears that employees may look at compensation equity from a different view point than that of their employers. Companies go to great length to establish mechanism for accessing pay practices in other companies, while employees are primarily concerned with pay equity in their own company. 3. 3 EXPERT OPINION The following statement indicates the opinion of some compensation experts. The first two supports external equity, while the last two favors internal equity. â€Å"In most cases it makes sense to focus on external pay comparison as the major as the major criteria to determine compensation levels. Both internal and external and inequity have serious consequences for the organization. However the consequences of external inequity†¦are more severe for the organization and they are the ones that deserve primary attention† (Edward E. lawler 1981). â€Å"We feel it is important to underline the sovereignty of external equity influence on wages over internal equity influence. Certainly the power of a wage or salary to attract employee is based solely on external equity considerations. The retention power of a wage or salary is also influenced heavily by external equity considerations. When external and internal equity considerations are in conflict, we suspect †¦. that external equity takes precedence† (Mark. J Wallace and Charles f. hay 1983). â€Å"Most pay comparison research suggests that it is probably more important to have internal equity than external equity. Employee can seemingly grasp of whether they think they are fairly paid by a particular employer through looking at other jobs in that organization than they can by weighing external information†(Thomas h. Patten 1977). â€Å"Experience seems to indicate that establishment of compromise rate in case of conflict is probably the solution. Internal consistency is more important than strict external competitiveness† (Milton. A . Rock 1984). CONCLUSION My findings suggest that there is no right or wrong answer in which should be the primary consideration external or internal equity for formulating compensation objectives. According to a study conducted by Government of Canada huma n resource council, a good compensation strategy includes a balance between internal equity and external competitiveness. Compensation and benefits affect the productivity and happiness of employees, as well as the ability of your organization to effectively realize its objectives. It is to your advantage to ensure that your employees are creatively compensated and knowledgeable of their benefits. The long term need is to establish both a strategic organization wide pay level policy that specifically addresses a company’s approach to pay relative to marketplace (external equity), and an internal job evaluation methodology for use in assessing the relative value of each job in an organization (internal equity).. Kent Romanoff et al. In conclusion, HR should consider a two way approach in setting wage levels. External data should be used to establish strategic guidelines for overall company pay policy. In addition, a second job evaluation methodology should be used to determine the value of a company’s job. This establishes internal equity. .

Evaluate the fairness of the regime of 'commercial opportunities' and Essay

Evaluate the fairness of the regime of 'commercial opportunities' and 'fair competition' expressed in the bilateral 'o - Essay Example After the 1970s, there was perceived large-scale liberalisation in the air trade based on bilateral or multilateral intra regional treaties. Within the next few decades US has signed a large number of â€Å"open skies† treaties with its trade partners for a better economic integration. Various studies have revealed that the economic conditions and the process of development within the African continent does not hamper with the formation of a uniform field for the complete liberalization of the aviation market, and experts contend that the overall African business conditions will show an increased if the liberal policies are indeed embraced. The Yamoussoukro Decision, which reflects the African process of aviation liberalization, has not achieved much success, owing to a lack of the political will to make the provisions enforceable. in this context the various â€Å"open skies† treaties signed with US needs to be examined in order to ascertain whether they will be succes sful with the African context and whether they spell out fairness in ‘commercial opportunities’ and ‘fair competition’ in the air trade relations between the United States and African countries Fairness of the regime of ‘commercial opportunities’ and ‘fair competition’ expressed in the bilateral ‘open skies’ agreements between the United States and African countries 1 Introduction The development of an efficient and a competent aviation sector is necessary for a rapid economic progress and global integration of the African countries. The land-based infrastructure (the railroad) that exists in Africa was primarily for facilitating the extraction of the continent’s rich raw material deposits, while the road network is completely in shambles and without any signs of further development or renovation, thus rendering them useless to the intra-African trade or passenger travel.1 Taking note of the present poor conditi ons of the African infrastructure, they further added that such dismal conditions largely display the â€Å"geographical realities† in Africa, while â€Å"international competitiveness† makes it necessary to have a set of effective institutions that would help to link the national economy globally.2 There is little doubt that under such poor rail and road connectivity the aviation sector in Africa has great potential for setting Africa free in the global market; however, it is imperative that a better infrastructure is provided for the air transport to effectively perform their role. A large number of regulations (domestic and international) rule the global aviation sector, which place severe limitations of the airline activities. The monitoring body is the Montreal (Canada) based The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) that ensures the compliancy of all global air activities with the existent Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs). The regulation of economic advantages in global air transport is primarily monopolized by the norms of bilateral